Topological Invariants for the General Structure of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins

Authors

  • Muhammad Haroon Aftab, Muhammad Rafaqat , Muhammad Hussain

Abstract

In this paper, we formulate the degree-based topological indices such as first Zagreb index, second Zagreb index, third Zagreb index, atom bond connectivity index, geometric-arithmetic (GA) index, general sum connectivity index, hyper-Zagreb index, augmented Zagreb index, sum connectivity index and general Randic index Rλ (℘), for λ = © −1, 1, − 1 2 , 1 2 ª for grape seed Proanthocyanidins network. By using above-mentioned topological indices, this study provides us different outcomes.

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Published

2025-05-11

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Topological Invariants for the General Structure of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins. (2025). Punjab University Journal of Mathematics, 54(1), 45-53. https://pujm.pu.edu.pk/index.php/pujm/article/view/203